Posted on Thu, Sep 02, 2010
Language Adaptation
An example of language adaptation is taking a translated French document and editing it to produce a French Canadian document. The idea behind adaptation is that it is easier and cheaper than producing that translation from scratch. This is not true in all cases; for example, adaptation from European Portuguese to Brazilian Portuguese and vice versa has roughly the same productivity as translation from scratch. One important consideration in our French example is that the French Canadian document cannot be completed until after the French document, and so doing it this way – initial translation, then adaptation -- will require more time in the schedule.
French adaptation is best for content such as technical, IT, scientific, etc., where the only changes required are for terminology; stylistic changes that can lead to more rework are typically not required.
Professional translation agencies will always recommend translation from scratch rather than adaptation for marketing, legal, and advertising materials, since it often takes less time and costs less than performing an adaptation where many changes will be required. This material is often more difficult to adapt anyway, since it is full of local references, formats, and standards, not to mention the figurative language that is typical of marketing materials. Also, importantly, translating such material for a specific target audience is critical to the success of that material in-market.
When asked if we can adapt Chinese Simplified to Traditional or vice versa, we always recommend against such an approach. The main differences between the two variants include:
• The characters
• The terminology
• Sentence structure
• Writing style
There are plenty of tools available that automatically perform a conversion, but the quality of the output is poor. You may be wondering if there is any way to add a native reviewer to refine the output, and the answer is yes; but the native reviewer may need to refer to the source English line-by-line and end up doing a full edit, which is, in many cases, more challenging and frustrating than translating from scratch. This process is not necessarily cheaper, either.
Neutral Language Versions
Another question we often hear is, “Can we use a ‘neutral’ version of a language for multiple global markets?” Understandably, clients want to save money by translating into one “neutral” version of a language, rather than translating into each dialect. As discussed above, French will be understood in both France and Canada. There is no agreed “neutral” version of French, and by translating into only one version, the other country will know the content was not written for them. So as a company, you need to determine the potential negative impact this may have.
One common example of a “neutral” language is Spanish for Latin America. To start with, all countries in South America follow the Royal Spanish Academy language rules, and therefore, they write the same way, except for some terms. However, Latin American (LA) Spanish is an artificial language that was created with a purpose. LA Spanish was driven by the need to go to the large Latin American markets that are fragmented into many countries. Thus, it avoids the terms specific to each country and reduces localization costs that would be too high if translation/adaption was required for each country in Latin America.
What You Should Know
• If you want to create a “local” brand, then it is important to use, for example, a European Spanish translation for Spain and a South American Spanish for that market. Your customer will know the content was written for them specifically.
• Not using the correct variant can lead to misunderstanding or misinterpretation. It is always vital to refer to ideas, concepts, and terminology that are familiar to the user.
• Although French Canadians would have no problem understanding material written in European French, they would feel the text is not addressed to them, especially if it contains a lot of English terms that are typically translated in French Canadian.
• The languages spoken by the Chinese people are Mandarin (PCR and Taiwan) and Cantonese (Hong Kong). In the spoken form, Mandarin in PCR and Taiwan are basically the same with the differences promoted by cultural distance. The difference is the script they use to write the language (simplified and traditional characters). So what drives the need to have the two versions is that people in PCR cannot read the traditional characters and vice-versa.
• From a marketing and sales perspective, products that have not been localized specifically for a particular market could alienate end users, and eventually result in a loss of business.
Posted on Tue, Aug 31, 2010
Paula Shannon, Lionbridge's Chief Sales Officer, Senior Vice President and General Manager, recently joined Dr. Amy Vanderbilt on the Trend POV radio show to discuss a broad range of localization topics and issues --everything from the industry's growth and importance in global markets, to what and how much to localize, to who benefits the most from high quality localization, and how global social media is building momentum.
As global interactivity grows, businesses face strategic decisions on how to reach and connect with their multicultural customers. Translation alone may not always be the full solution to an international expansion. Businesses need to ask themselves, “How far do I need to go?” It may mean a change in the product, the cultural reference used to market it, or a reevaluation of the subset market niche. To hear more about the right way to localize (and some funny examples of the wrong way to localize), check out the latest radio episode from Dr. Vanderbilt’s POV.
Shannon manages Lionbridge’s global sales forces and account management teams. As Co-General Manager of the Localization Business, she drives new services and sustainable solutions, develops strategic accounts, and ensures the continued delivery of innovation and execution excellence to a broad range of Global 1000 customers.
Posted on Mon, Aug 30, 2010
Throughout history, language variants or dialects have developed across the globe due to events such as colonization and mass emigration. Languages are dynamic and constantly evolving from influences in local regions. Regional dialects have developed and continue to develop due to distance from the original country and the influence of a new culture. It is the extent of these local influences on dialects that determines how easily, for example, a Spanish speaker in the Americas can understand a document written for a Spanish person based in Spain.
As a Language Service Provider (LSP), we are often asked questions in relation to whether or not it is appropriate to use one language to cater to a number of global markets speaking different dialects. Understandably, if a client can translate its material into one dialect of Spanish, and uses it across all Spanish speaking markets, there will be significant cost savings.
The most commons questions we hear are:
• Can I use one dialect of a language for multiple global markets?
• Can one dialect be edited or adopted into another to reduce localization costs?
• Does a globally recognized “international” or “neutral” version of the language exist? (This version is also known as the “understandable by all and offensive to no one version.”)
Our goal here is not to provide an exhaustive response to the above questions for all dialects around the world, but instead focus on the more common dialects and variants that we encounter. Let’s start by examining French and Chinese in a bit more detail to see how these languages vary in some of the countries where they are spoken.
French VariantsAlthough French is spoken in many countries around the world (did you know French is an official language in 29 countries!), the two we most commonly deal with are European French and French Canadian. It is important to note that as far as Canadians are concerned, they speak French. There are minor differences in the variant of French spoken in France compared to Canada. For example:
•
Terminology: European French has incorporated many English words into the language, while in Canada, the pure French words are used: e.g., Weekend in English is translated as “le Weekend” in France and “Fin de semaine” in Canada.
•
Punctuation: In France they use “Comment allez-vous ?” and in Canada they use “Comment allez-vous?” (No space before the ?)
The grammatical structure is common in European and Canadian French. In fact, both use the same reference books (Grévisse, Bescherelle, le Petit Robert, etc). For these reasons, many companies localize their software, help, and documentation into European French, and sell these localized products in Canada. However, the most important question that needs to be asked is, “How will your clients feel about using your product or service knowing that it was translated for someone in France and not for them?” If you think this will have a negative impact on your company’s image or sales, then you will need to carefully consider if the best approach is to use one version of French for both markets.
It is always vital that marketing and advertising materials are localized into the appropriate dialect, as your target audience will respond best if you have made the effort to communicate with them in their own language and terminology. Other materials, such as legal documents, also require translation into French Canadian because the legal systems in France and Canada are quite different.
Chinese VariantsThe three main variants of Chinese are:
• Simplified Chinese (officially used in the People's Republic of China and Singapore)
• Traditional Chinese (used in Taiwan)
• Traditional Chinese (used in Hong Kong)
Simplified Chinese characters were born out of a government initiative in the 1950s to simplify the characters/ideographs used. The main reason for this initiative was to reduce illiteracy in China. Changes made included reducing the number of strokes and replacing certain forms with a simpler version. Some changes mean the simplified characters are no longer recognizable when compared to their Traditional Chinese counterpart, while many other characters remain the same as the Traditional character.
Hong Kong and Taiwan use the character set that was in use in mainland China before the 1950s and that has been around for over 1,500 years. Although the Hong Kong and Taiwan versions of Chinese are similar in many ways, changes have developed from influences such as Hong Kong’s position as a colony of the United Kingdom. Such cultural and linguistic (sociolinguistic) influences on Hong Kong have led to the use of different terminology and differences in the use of informal written grammar and expressions.
If translating for Chinese-speaking markets in China and Taiwan, or Hong Kong, it is clear from the above that Simplified and Traditional versions will need to be produced. For dialects of Chinese spoken in Taiwan and Hong Kong, we would make the same assertion we did for French and for any other dialect. Your clients will be able to understand a dialect written for another market, but they will know it was written for that market. If your competition is localizing into this dialect and you don’t, then you may stand out for the wrong reasons.
Posted on Thu, Aug 26, 2010
| Mônica Oliveira is the Regional Director of Vendor Management in the Americas. She grew up in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and speaks “Carioca,” considered almost a dialect of Brazilian Portuguese by people that are not from Rio de Janeiro city. Yes, different terminology and accent, but well understood by everyone in Brazil. Monica compares Portuguese variants between Brazil and Portugal … |
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Mônica Oliveira is the Regional Director of Vendor Management in the Americas. She grew up in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and speaks “Carioca,” considered almost a dialect of Brazilian Portuguese by people that are not from Rio de Janeiro city. Yes, different terminology and accent, but well understood by everyone in Brazil. Monica compares Portuguese variants between Brazil and Portugal …
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Is the Portuguese language spoken in Brazil a dialect of European Portuguese, brought to the new world by colonists, or a Portuguese Creole? Well, let’s not start that controversial discussion; this is an unpretentious blog! The differences between the two, though, are worth a few lines, especially in the localization world.
In many language variances (European versus Canadian French, European versus Latin American Spanish) terminology is the main differentiator between them, in the written form. This is true even when the spoken language (the accent, pronunciation of the words, and intonation) is barely understood among the people speaking that same language. Spanish and its many variations are a good example. In response to this linguistic confusion among varieties of Spanish, a unified body of language regulators across the Spanish-speaking countries, called the Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, guided the formation of a Standard Spanish that is used in academics and literary writing.
The differences between Brazilian Portuguese and European Portuguese, though, extend to many other aspects of the language:
- Orthography, which refers to spelling (these language variants use different orthographic systems)
- Morphology, referring to the use of verb tenses
- Syntax, which is word order within a sentence
- Lexical, which is about terminology
- Phonetic, which has to do with pronunciation differences
The technological development of the last 50 years has accentuated these differences even more. For example, both countries chose, separately, the terminologies for various inventions. In Portugal, they hold a “rato” (literal translation for mouse) when working with a computer, while in Brazil they prefer to hold a “mouse,” and kept the English word. Today, “mouse” is found in the prestigious dictionaries of Brazilian Portuguese. In general, Brazilians prefer Anglicanism, and Portuguese follow the French.
At the end of the 1800s, Brazilian academics and writers split from the origins of the Portuguese language with the creation of Academia Brasileira de Letras. Their goal was to promote a Brazilian norm for their version of the Portuguese language. From then on, Brazilian Portuguese was not considered an incorrect way to write or speak the language.
This all means that, despite being the same language, the versions are different enough to not be appropriate to one another. Companies must localize in both versions if the goal is to sell in these two markets. In general, Brazilian sounds incorrect to Portuguese people and European Portuguese sounds old-fashioned to Brazilian people; neither are good associations when you are trying to sell a product.
Then there is the question: can you adapt a PT-BR translation into PT-PT? You certainly can, but there is no benefit to it. The productivity of the adaptation is comparable to a “from scratch” translation from English. Plus, any translation of a translation has a higher chance to carry forward mistranslations.
Now, with the facts, you can try to form your own opinion: is Brazilian Portuguese a dialect of Iberian Portuguese, a Portuguese-based Creole, or is it a language in its own right since it has a navy and an army? And good luck on the debates! I’d be interested in hearing what you think…
In this table, my colleague in Lisbon, Paulo Sousa, provides examples of some of the differences
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Type
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European Portuguese
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Brazilian Portuguese
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English
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Syntax
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Estar a fazer
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Estar fazendo
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Syntax
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Damo-nos muito bem
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Nós nos damos muito bem
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Morphological
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Tu (informal); omission of pronoun or use of honorific title (formal)
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Você (informal); o/a senhor/a (formal)
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Lexical
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Ficheiro
Rato
Palabra-passe
Ecrã
Explorador the Windows
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Arquivo
Mouse
Senha
Tela
Windows Explorer
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File
Mouse
Password
Screen
Windows Explorerr
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Posted on Thu, Aug 19, 2010
As I approach my first anniversary with Lionbridge, I appreciate more than ever the challenge of building a client portfolio “from scratch” and the subsequent “honeymoon” period that follows a nice win.
You can read all about a recent one in this press release.
However, a successful marriage comes not from the honeymoon, but rather from the preparation for the “real life” that follows. I marvel at the complexities of onboarding a strategic account --- the multiple currencies, the multiple languages spoken by the team, the multiple cultures involved, the multiple geographic locations, the technology-related idiosynchrocies. The translation itself seems to be the ever increasingly “easy” part.
For this client, historically, the translation solution had been “black box,” and no one had really given it much strategic thought over the years. However, as part of its future strategy, the client faced a massive challenge in how best to develop and localize its global information.
At Lionbridge, our client engagement process is an extremely important part of our success, and helps to set the foundation for “real life”. We create customized, unique solutions within a framework of tested best practices. Lionbridge is able to secure and maintain ongoing relationships with Fortune 1000 organizations as well as Small and Medium Businesses (SMBs). Here are some of the ways Lionbridge helped to ensure success after the “honeymoon” with this particular client:
- In partnership with the client, we selected a service delivery center location that is strategic in accommodating the client in its markets, and at the same time benefits key stakeholders in different time zones. We, likewise, worked to staff the program in accordance with the company’s time zone and language requirements.
- Certain countries excise a specific tax on goods or services exported from the country of production. Lionbridge brought this to the client’s attention and established a financial infrastructure where this tax could be legally avoided. Business is conducted in multiple currencies and exchange rates are reviewed quarterly so as to minimize risk for both parties.
- Lionbridge used Translation Memories from the client’s legacy system and converted them, as necessary, with customized script development, to properly import into Lionbridge’s Translation Workspace environment. With a high level of inspection, Lionbridge tested the data for proper formatting and differences in language dialects, and to further resolve any found inconsistencies.
- Our team worked with the client to seamlessly connect its business collaboration software to the Lionbridge Freeway portal so translation packages can be exchanged automatically. The team also quality-checked localized style sheets to be used in the company’s automated publishing environment.
These are the kind of engagements that excite me and keep me “fresh” as a globalization professional. Here’s to our next year together!
Posted on Tue, Aug 17, 2010
One of the good things about working for Lionbridge is that we have the opportunity to see some of our customers grow dramatically as they expand their businesses internationally. We work with ambitious companies that understand that the consistency of their brand image is key to international success. Wizz Air is a perfect example of such a company. Anyone who has travelled via London Luton airport recently can hardly have failed to notice the eye-catching purple and pink livery of the nine Wizz Air planes flying in and out. Wizz Air clearly understands the importance of a dramatic visual image in building brand awareness.
However, the most important marketing tool for any airline is its website, as the vast majority of travellers now book online. Wizz Air recognizes the importance of the website in building brand loyalty with its customers across Europe. The attention the company has given to building an easy-to-use booking engine has paid off, as Wizz Air has grown in a few short years to become the leading low-cost airline serving destinations in Eastern Europe.
It is hardly an astute observation that your website needs to be in the first language of your customer in order to encourage them to fly with you. This is particularly true in countries such as Bulgaria, Croatia, Latvia, Romania, Ukraine and Slovenia, where a relatively small percentage of the population can speak English. But good quality translation is only half of the story.
Whether we use the term translation or localization to describe what Lionbridge does, our work usually involves software engineering. Our software engineers are our unsung heroes, as their work is generally under-appreciated. Wizz Air is one of the exceptions, as they highly value our engineers’ ability to work with Pearl files every bit as much as they appreciate the quality of our translations.
So next time you see a Wizz Air plane or you fly with this fantastic airline, give a thought to the Lionbridge engineers who played a part in this Eastern European success story.
Read the full story here.
Posted on Mon, Aug 09, 2010
A recent study, covered by Lera Boroditsky in a recent Wall Street Journal article, Lost in Translation, posed a very interesting question: Does our language directly influence our culture; and do I, as a bilingual individual, feel the effects of language on my cultural development?
Speaking from personal experience, I find it hard to distinguish the elements of my culture and personality I picked up from the actual languages I speak (Russian and English). I know that having been thrown into a foreign language (English) and treading through it until I was steadily afloat has made it easier for me to learn other languages (Spanish, which is currently rusting in my head), and most importantly, it made me permanently sensitive to accents and context mix-ups. By context mix-ups, I mean my parents telling me to be “accurate” instead of “cautious” when driving. In Russian, the word for “cautious,” “careful,” and “accurate” is the same. To me, it makes sense, because the idea is that something requires extra attention. So, I am more aware of associations other languages draw between words, and I am not fazed when a foreigner refers to something “spicy” as “sharp.” I know that in several languages, the word for spicy and sharp is the same because it describes a stinging sensation.
Boroditsky’s article questions whether a person’s language influences how they think about things. She considers the breaking of a vase. In English, where agents take an action, we would say that someone broke the vase, while in Spanish and Japanese, the most common way to describe the event translates to “the vase broke itself.” So the chicken and egg of culture and language are at question. Does the English language describe the event with a culprit because of our strong support and belief in a judicial system, where justice is defined by the punishment of an offender? Or, did we develop that strong support as a result of the way we describe these events?
I decided to bring up the subject with the wisest man I know, my father. What does language mean to Russians and to me as an individual? And how might that vary from other languages and cultures? The value of a verbal contract and words has heavy weight for Russians; communism had a long reign with its empty verbal promises. This is different from the American mentality, “Talk is cheap! Prove it!” For this reason, Russians pay particular attention to the agents, tenses, and genders in speech. A common Russian expression is “слово не воробей, вылетит - не поймаешь” which translates to “a word is not a sparrow, once it flies out, you can’t capture it back”; ultimately you can’t take back what you say, so choose your words wisely (Of course, if you’re doing business or politics in Russia, “but you can find a loophole” can be added to that phrase).
My personal conclusion is that my culture influences my language. From Russian, I choose my words wisely, and I do pay attention when I say “someone never sent an email,” versus “that email was never sent out.” And, I am sensitive to how others would form the same sentence. That’s the American in me wanting justice! From learning languages, I think differently because I see associations between words that are not obvious to others, and I understand the concept of word gender easily because it is rooted in my critical learning period. Lee Densmer’s recent blog post “What Does it Really Mean to Be Bilingual?” has some great insight on how being bilingual benefits and confuses you at the same wonderful time! I’m very curious to hear what others think… What came first, your language or your culture?
Click HERE to Read Lera Boroditsky’s Lost In Translation
Posted on Tue, Jul 27, 2010
One of the biggest obstacles to planning localization is forecasting what translations will be needed and when. We ask our clients to provide information on languages, volumes, start & end dates, number of drops, volumes by month, type of work expected, etc. In response, our clients often tell us that they themselves just don’t know.
Yet accurate forecasting can have a huge impact on the quality and speed at which your localization partner can deliver. When work is planned in advance, enough of the most-qualified resources can be assigned and schedules can be built to meet your requirements. This applies to both your localization partner and your internal resources, such as in-country reviewers and those who must integrate localizations back into your product or internal workflow.
Knowing that forecasting is difficult, at best, I offer a few tips that I use to help make forecasting a little less overwhelming:
- Educate and engage your internal stakeholders.
The lack of good forecasting is frequently driven by where localization management sits in an organization. Often, those managing translations are dependent on other stakeholders in the company – marketing, product development, technical writing, regulatory or some other internal customer. So, reach out to key stakeholders. Make sure they know that good information from them assures that localized products and materials meet company expectations for quality and timeliness. This, in turn, will positively impact your company results on international markets.
- Check in often and revise forecasts as needed.
Priorities change. Development slips. Schedules are adjusted. So, check in often and revise your forecasts as needed. Then, be sure to let your localization partner know so that they can make the necessary adjustments.
- Keep historical data...and then apply your expertise.
If you have trending data, use it. If not, now is a good time to start gathering it. What was the scope of the last similar project? Do volumes tend to spike in certain months because of product cycles? Do certain products tend to have schedule slips and if so, by how much? What languages does the marketing department usually request? Having the data handy helps you assess the current situation. Then you can apply your understanding of both the data and today’s reality to your forecasts.
- Build a process to forecast.
Try to build a set time and method for forecasting. Turn it from a fire drill into a regular part of the week, month or quarter.
Forecasting future localization can be a daunting task! But, knowing that forecasting positively impacts the quality and speed of translation is an incentive to take the time to do it well!
Good luck,
Tracey
The postings on this site are my own and don’t necessarily represent Lionbridge’s positions, strategies or opinions.
Posted on Thu, Jul 22, 2010
Bilingual people can speak two languages easily and naturally. Sometimes bilinguals are said to be “fluent” in another language. When more than two languages are concerned, these people are considered multilingual or a polyglot. (Most translators and interpreters are bilingual people. Most folks who have studied or lived abroad for less than five years are generally not bilingual. Linguistically capable, yes, but not bilingual.)
Many lucky people grow up bilingual, speaking two languages daily, but without a deep and conscious understanding of grammatical and syntactical structure. Others struggle to become bilingual by long-term study, living abroad, and hours of practice. I am the latter, and most days, I would not call myself bilingual. Language gets rusty when you don’t practice every day; my Spanish is a dull shade of orange by now.
There are lots of advantages to language study, and achieving bilingualness (bilnguality?)
It is generally thought that bilinguals, via their study and mastery of two different language structures, have denser, more capable brains, which may perform better in pursuits such as logic, math, and music. Some scientific studies show that gray matter is denser in bilingual brains than in monolingual brains. Bilingual dexterity also leaves you with more flexibility in thinking, greater sensitivity to language, and a better ear for listening.
However, there are some educators who think that learning one language, while perfecting one’s first, can interfere with primary language acquisition. Studies show this is just not the case; children almost never confuse the two languages, and are able to code-switch (switch between languages, even in the same sentence) fluidly, without grammatical error. These children grow up as verbally capable, if not more so than monolingual children, excelling in language-related / language-dependent school subjects and careers.
Interestingly, bilinguals are more likely to forget or not be able to find the right word in what is called a “tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.” For example, the right word suddenly and frustratingly goes missing only to reappear seconds or minutes (or hours) later. Nearly everyone has momentary lapses in vocabulary, but bilinguals seem especially prone to this, says Jennie Pyers, a psychologist at Wellesley College in Massachusetts. One possible explanation is that similar-sounding words compete for our brain's attention. Since bilinguals know twice as many words as monolinguals, the brain has to sift through a larger repertoire, and the chances increase that a word will not come immediately to mind. Alternatively, this can occur when our brains try to recall rarely-used or complex words, Pyers says. "It's much easier to retrieve a word like 'knife' than 'guillotine'."
On the other hand, I’ve had the experience of not being able to recall the word for something at all--something simple like the fridge. My mind seems to skip completely over any appropriate term in any language, leaving me frustrated and looking silly, and calling the fridge “that cold thing.” Is this because I know two languages or because my mind moves faster than my mouth? (Another side effect of being a bilingual...the mind that rapidly processes speech…or perhaps more likely, a side effect of being ADD or overly busy).
Overall, bilingualism has a very positive effect on learning, brain growth, and mental acuity.
Bilingualism:
- Has a positive effect on intellectual growth
- Enriches and enhances a child's mental development
- Endows more flexibility in thinking
- Provides greater sensitivity to language, nuances, subtleties
- Develops a better ear for listening
And, more pragmatically:
- Improves understanding of the bilingual’s native language
- Paves the way for learning a third and fourth language, especially within the same language family, where many of the rules are the same (i.e., romance languages)
- Gives the ability to communicate with people the bilingual would otherwise not have the chance to know
- Increases job opportunities in many careers where knowing another language is a real asset
- Opens the door to other cultures and provides understanding and appreciation of people from other countries
In their book In Other Words, Ellen Bialystok and Kenji Hakuta describe the effects of knowing two languages as maddening but worth the effort:
“...knowing two languages is much more than simply knowing two ways of speaking....it seems evident that the mind of a speaker who has in some way attached two sets of linguistic details to a conceptual representation…has entertained possibilities that the monolingual speaker has had no need to entertain. The enriching aspect of bilingualism may follow directly from its most maddening complication: it is precisely because the structures and concepts of different languages never coincide that the experience of learning a second language is so spectacular in its effects.”
I’ll take my bilingual, multi-cultural, vocabulary-rich, but word-forgetting and sentence-stumbling existence over the alternative.
To read more about word and speech memory, click here.
Posted on Wed, Jul 21, 2010
I was recently asked a valid question by one of my customers and I’m sure it’s one that others may be thinking, too, so I thought I’d address it here today.
“Isn’t Real –Time Translation Service (RTTS) the same thing as traditional machine translation (MT)?”
Actually, it’s quite different. Traditional MT plays an important role for not only Lionbridge, but also our customers and prospects that have deployed MT within their organizations. They use this important technology as a productivity tool with the sole purpose to achieve 100% publication quality. In other words, it is used to bring down the cost of existing translation and utilize a heavy post edit…
To learn more about what differentiates RTTS from traditional translation technologies, and to join the conversation with Kevin, visit the Real-Time Translation Blog.